INF: Functions for Calculating and Displaying Date/Time Values Article ID: Q88657 --------------------------------------------------------------------- The information in this article applies to: - Microsoft Access versions 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 7.0, 97 --------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY ======= Moderate: Requires basic macro, coding, and interoperability skills. Because a date/time value is stored as a double-precision number, you may receive incorrect formatting results when you try to manipulate date/time values in an expression. This article demonstrates how to create expressions and custom functions for displaying specific dates and calculating time intervals. This article assumes that you are familiar with Visual Basic for Applications and with creating Microsoft Access applications using the programming tools provided with Microsoft Access. For more information about Visual Basic for Applications, please refer to your version of the "Building Applications with Microsoft Access" manual. NOTE: Visual Basic for Applications is called Access Basic in Microsoft Access versions 1.x and 2.0. For more information about Access Basic, please refer to the "Introduction to Programming" manual in Microsoft Access version 1.x or the "Building Applications" manual in Microsoft Access version 2.0 MORE INFORMATION ================ Displaying Specific Dates ------------------------- To display specific dates, you can use the DateSerial() function to manipulate the day, month, and year portions of a date. For example, you can use the following expressions in the ControlSource property of a text box or in the Debug window (or the Immediate window in versions 1.x and 2.0) to return specific dates: - The current month: DateSerial(Year(Date()), Month(Date()), 1) - The next month: DateSerial(Year(Date()), Month(Date()) + 1, 1) - The last day of the current month: DateSerial(Year(Date()), Month(Date()) + 1, 0) - The last day of the next month: DateSerial(Year(Date()), Month(Date()) + 2, 0) - The first day of the previous month: DateSerial(Year(Date()), Month(Date())-1,1) - The last day of the previous month: DateSerial(Year(Date()), Month(Date()),0) - The first day of the current quarter: DateSerial(Year(Date()), Int((Month(Date()) - 1) / 3) * 3 + 1, 1) - The last day of the current quarter: DateSerial(Year(Date()), Int((Month(Date()) - 1) / 3) * 3 + 4, 0) - The first day of the current week (assuming Sunday = day 1): Date() - WeekDay(Date()) + 1 - The last day of the current week: Date() - WeekDay(Date()) + 7 - The first day of the current week (using settings in Options dialog box): Date() - WeekDay(Date(), 0) + 1 - The last day of the current week: Date() - WeekDay(Date(), 0) + 7 For information about calculating the fiscal year or fiscal month, please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: ARTICLE-ID: Q132101 TITLE : INF: How to Get the Fiscal Year/Month of a Particular Date Calculating Time Intervals -------------------------- Because a time value is stored as a fraction of a 24-hour day, you may receive incorrect formatting results when you try to add, subtract, multiply or divide time data greater than 24 hours. For example, if you try to find the number of hours elapsed between two dates by subtracting the values in Visual Basic, you may receive an incorrect number. To demonstrate this, type the following code in the Debug window (or Immediate window in version 2.0) and note that it returns a value of 05:00 hours rather than the correct value of 53:00 hours: StartDate=#6/1/93 8:00AM# EndDate=#6/3/93 1:00PM# ?Format(EndDate-StartDate,"hh:mm") To resolve formatting problems caused by time values greater than 24 hours, you can use the Int() and CSng() functions in Visual Basic to separate a calculated time value into different variables for days, hours, minutes, and seconds. For example, you can include the following code fragment in a custom function to create separate time variables: '------------------------------------------------------------------- ' This sample code separates a time interval into seven variables for ' the following values: days, hours, minutes, seconds, total time in ' hours, total time in minutes, and total time in seconds. ' ' The interval argument is flexible; it can be a single value, an ' expression, or a field reference. '------------------------------------------------------------------- Dim totalhours As Long, totalminutes As Long, totalseconds As Long Dim days As Long, hours As Long, minutes As Long, seconds As Long Dim interval As Variant days = Int(CSng(interval)) totalhours = Int(CSng(interval * 24)) totalminutes = Int(CSng(interval * 1440)) totalseconds = Int(CSng(interval * 86400)) hours = totalhours Mod 24 minutes = totalminutes Mod 60 seconds = totalseconds Mod 60 You can use the totalhours, totalminutes, and totalseconds variables to display a time value as a single unit of time. The days, hours, minutes, and seconds variables enable you to break down a time value into portions of time. To display time values in different formats, you can concatenate these variables as demonstrated in the following sample functions: - The GetElapsedDays() function calculates the elapsed time between two date/time values and displays the result in days. - The GetElapsedTime() function calculates the elapsed time between time values and displays the result in days, hours, minutes, and seconds. - The GetTimeCardTotal() function sums a field of time values in a table and displays the total in hours and minutes. GetElapsedDays() Sample Function -------------------------------- To create the GetElapsedDays() function, follow these steps: 1. Open the sample database Northwind.mdb.(or NWIND.MDB in versions 1.x and 2.0). 2. Create a module and type the following line in the Declarations section if it is not already there: Option Explicit 3. Type the following function: Function GetElapsedDays (interval) Dim days As Long days = Int(CSng(interval)) GetElapsedDays = days & " Days " End Function 4. To test this function, create a new query based on the Orders table. 5. In the QBE grid, add the following fields. In Microsoft Access version 7.0 and 97: Field: ShippedDate Show: True Field: OrderDate Show: True Field: ElapsedTime: GetElapsedDays([ShippedDate]-[OrderDate]) Show: True In Microsoft Access versions 1.x and 2.0: Field: Shipped Date Show: True Field: Order Date Show: True Field: ElapsedTime: GetElapsedDays([Shipped Date]-[Order Date]) Show: True 6. Run the query. Note that the ElapsedTime column displays the number of days between the ShippedDate field (or Shipped Date in versions 1.x and 2.0) and OrderDate field (or Order Date in versions 1.x and 2.0) for each record in the Orders table. GetElapsedTime() Sample Function -------------------------------- To create the GetElapsedTime() function, follow these steps: 1. Create a new table with the following structure and save it as TimeLog. Table: TimeLog ----------------------- Field Name: StartTime Data Type: Date/Time Format: General Date Field Name: EndTime Data Type: Date/Time Format: General Date 2. View the TimeLog table in Datasheet view, enter the following three records, and then close the table: StartTime EndTime -------------------------------------------- 5/10/95 4:57:00 PM 5/15/95 2:38:00 AM 5/11/95 10:17:31 AM 5/24/95 6:05:00 PM 5/18/95 9:16:43 AM 5/19/95 5:03:00 PM 3. Create a module and type the following line in the Declarations section: Option Explicit 4. Enter the following function: NOTE: In the following sample code, an underscore (_) is used as a line-continuation character. Remove the underscore when re-creating this code in Access Basic. Function GetElapsedTime (interval) Dim totalhours As Long, totalminutes As Long, totalseconds As Long Dim days As Long, hours As Long, Minutes As Long, Seconds As Long days = Int(CSng(interval)) totalhours = Int(CSng(interval * 24)) totalminutes = Int(CSng(interval * 1440)) totalseconds = Int(CSng(interval * 86400)) hours = totalhours Mod 24 Minutes = totalminutes Mod 60 Seconds = totalseconds Mod 60 GetElapsedTime = days & " Days " & hours & " Hours " & Minutes & _ " Minutes " & Seconds & " Seconds " End Function 5. To test this function, create a new report based on the TimeLog table using the AutoReport Wizard. 6. View the report in Design view. 7. Add an unbound text box to the TimeLog table's detail section and set its properties as follows: Textbox: Name: ElapsedTime ControlSource: =GetElapsedTime([EndTime]-[StartTime]) Width: 3 inches 8. Preview the report. Note that each record displays the total elapsed time in days, hours, minutes, and seconds. GetTimeCardTotal() Sample Function ---------------------------------- To create the GetTimeCardTotal() function, follow these steps: 1. Create a new table with the following structure and save it as TimeCard. Table: TimeCard ----------------------- Field Name: Daily Hours Data Type: Date/Time Format: Short Time 2. View the TimeCard table in Datasheet view, enter the following four records, and then close the table: 8:15 7:37 8:12 8:03 3. Create a module and type the following line in the Declarations section if it's not already there: Option Explicit 4. Type the following function: Function GetTimeCardTotal () Dim db As Database, rs As Recordset Dim totalhours As Long, totalminutes As Long Dim days As Long, hours As Long, minutes As Long Dim interval As Variant, j As Integer Set db = dbengine.workspaces(0).databases(0) Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("timecard") interval = #12:00:00 AM# While Not rs.EOF interval = interval + rs![Daily hours] rs.MoveNext Wend totalhours = Int(CSng(interval * 24)) totalminutes = Int(CSng(interval * 1440)) hours = totalhours Mod 24 minutes = totalminutes Mod 60 GetTimeCardTotal = totalhours & " hours and " & minutes & " minutes" End Function 5. To test this function, type the following line in the Debug window (or Immediate window in version 1.x and 2.0), and then press ENTER: ? GetTimeCardTotal () Note that the Debug window displays 32 hours and 7 minutes. REFERENCES ========== For more information about calculating date/time values, please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: ARTICLE-ID: Q130514 TITLE : INF: Storing, Calculating, and Comparing Date/Time Data KBCategory: kbprg KBSubcategory: PgmOthr Additional reference words: 1.00 1.10 2.00 7.00 97 8.00 fractional Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.